Tribalism and elections: Are we doomed to repeat the past?

 

Kenya’s political landscape is deeply intertwined with tribal identity, a phenomenon that has shaped electoral outcomes since independence. As the country continues to grapple with the effects of ethnic-based politics, the question arises: are we doomed to repeat the divisive and sometimes violent past, or can we break free from the cycle of tribalism in elections.

The Roots of Tribalism in Kenyan Politics

Tribalism in Kenyan politics has historical origins. During the colonial era, the British administration exploited ethnic divisions to maintain control, creating competition over land and resources. This legacy persisted after independence, as political elites mobilized their ethnic groups to consolidate power.

Kenya’s system of "winner-takes-all" politics further exacerbated ethnic tensions. For many communities, winning the presidency was equated with access to resources, jobs, and development, while losing meant marginalization.

The Role of Tribalism in Elections

1. Ethnic Mobilization

Kenyan politicians have historically used ethnicity as a mobilizing tool, forming alliances based on tribal calculations. During campaigns, candidates appeal to their ethnic bases, often prioritizing identity over policy issues.

2. Voting Patterns

Electoral outcomes in Kenya often reflect tribal demographics. Voters tend to align with candidates from their ethnic group, driven by fear of exclusion if "their" leader is not in power.

3. Ethnic Kingpins

Political "kingpins" or leaders of major ethnic groups wield significant influence, acting as gatekeepers to their communities’ votes. This creates a system where individual merit is overshadowed by tribal loyalty.

4. Post-Election Violence

Tribalism has fueled post-election violence, most notably in 2007-2008, when disputed election results led to ethnic clashes that claimed over 1,000 lives and displaced hundreds of thousands. The memory of this violence continues to haunt Kenya’s democratic processes.

The Effects of Tribalism on Democracy

1. Erosion of Meritocracy

Tribalism undermines meritocracy by prioritizing ethnic loyalty over competence and vision. This stifles the emergence of leaders who prioritize national interests over parochial concerns.

2. Marginalization

Ethnic-based politics often marginalize smaller communities that lack the numbers to influence elections. This deepens feelings of disenfranchisement and exclusion.

3. Hindered Development

The focus on ethnic patronage diverts attention from national development. Resources are often distributed based on tribal affiliations rather than need or strategic priorities.

4. Weakened National Unity

Tribalism fractures national identity, creating an "us versus them" mentality that hinders collective progress.

Efforts to Address Tribalism in Elections

1. Constitutional Reforms

The 2010 Constitution sought to address tribalism by devolving power to 47 counties, ensuring more equitable distribution of resources. This has given marginalized communities greater autonomy but has not eliminated ethnic politics at the national level.

2. Civic Education

Civil society organizations and electoral bodies have conducted civic education campaigns to encourage issue-based voting. However, their impact remains limited in the face of entrenched tribal loyalties.

3. Leadership Initiatives

Some leaders have attempted to build cross-ethnic coalitions, emphasizing unity and inclusivity. For instance, the “handshake” between Uhuru Kenyatta and Raila Odinga in 2018 symbolized a move toward reconciliation, though critics viewed it as politically expedient.

4. Youth Engagement

Kenya’s youth, less entrenched in ethnic politics, represent a potential force for change. Efforts to engage young voters through social media and grassroots campaigns have shown promise in shifting focus from tribal identity to development issues.

Are We Doomed to Repeat the Past?

Breaking free from the cycle of tribalism is a daunting but not impossible task. The persistence of tribal politics is rooted in structural inequalities, weak institutions, and a lack of political will to embrace true inclusivity. However, several factors offer hope:

1. Urbanization and Education

As more Kenyans move to urban areas and access education, their exposure to diverse communities reduces tribalism’s grip. Issue-based voting is more likely to gain traction in urban centers.

2. Emerging Middle Class

Kenya’s growing middle class, concerned with economic stability and governance, is increasingly rejecting ethnic politics in favor of policies that address their needs.

3. Technology and Information

The rise of social media has empowered citizens to challenge tribal narratives and demand accountability. While technology can also be used to spread divisive rhetoric, it offers a platform for unifying voices.

4. Accountability Movements

Grassroots movements pushing for accountability and good governance are gaining momentum. By holding leaders accountable, these movements can weaken the appeal of ethnic loyalty.

The Path Forward

To overcome tribalism in elections, Kenya must pursue systemic reforms and cultural change:

Strengthen Institutions: Independent bodies like the judiciary and electoral commission must ensure free and fair elections to build trust in democratic processes.

Foster Inclusive Politics: Political parties should adopt platforms that emphasize national unity and development rather than ethnic allegiance.

Promote Equity: Addressing historical injustices and ensuring equitable resource distribution can reduce the perception that power equals access to wealth.

Empower the Youth: Engaging young voters in issue-based politics can shift the narrative from tribalism to progressive governance.

Conclusion

Kenya stands at a crossroads. Tribalism has long been a defining feature of its politics, but it does not have to dictate its future. By addressing the root causes of ethnic divisions and fostering a culture of inclusivity, the nation can break free from the cycle of tribalism and build a democracy that reflects its diversity and potential. The question is whether political leaders and citizens alike are ready to embrace this challenge.