The Roots and Psychology of Narcissism

 

 Long before the invention of the selfie, the ancient Greeks and Romans told a myth about someone captivated by his own image. In one version of the story, Narcissus was a strikingly handsome man searching for love. After rejecting the affections of a nymph named Echo, he happened to see his own reflection in a river and fell deeply in love with it. Unable to look away, he eventually drowned. A flower grew where he died, which we now call the Narcissus.

This myth reflects the core idea of narcissism: excessive self-involvement, which can sometimes be harmful. Narcissism isn’t just a theme for myths or advice columns; it’s a set of traits studied by psychologists. Its psychological definition refers to an inflated, grandiose self-image. Narcissists often believe they are better looking, smarter, and more important than others, and they feel entitled to special treatment.

Psychologists identify two primary forms of narcissism as personality traits: grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism. There is also narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), a more severe form, which we will explore shortly.

Grandiose narcissism is the most recognizable type. It involves extroversion, dominance, and a craving for attention. Grandiose narcissists often seek positions of power and visibility, such as politicians, celebrities, or leaders. However, not everyone in such roles is narcissistic—many genuinely aim to achieve their potential or improve the lives of others. Narcissists, in contrast, pursue power for the status and admiration it brings.

Vulnerable narcissists, on the other hand, tend to be quieter and more reserved. Despite their outward demeanor, they have a strong sense of entitlement and are easily threatened or offended.

Both forms of narcissism can have negative consequences over time. Narcissists often act selfishly, making risky or unethical decisions as leaders, or being dishonest or unfaithful in relationships. When their inflated self-image is challenged, they can become resentful or aggressive. Narcissism has been compared to a condition where the individual feels fine, but those around them suffer.

At its extreme, narcissism becomes a psychological disorder: narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). This condition affects about 1–2% of the population, with men being more frequently diagnosed. It’s also reserved for adults, as children and teenagers often display self-centered behavior as part of normal development.

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) outlines the traits of NPD, which include:

A grandiose self-image,

Lack of empathy,

A sense of entitlement, and

A constant need for admiration or attention.

What makes these traits a disorder is their ability to dominate a person’s life, causing significant problems. For example, a narcissist might treat family members as sources of admiration rather than offering care and support. Or they might reject constructive feedback by dismissing others as wrong.

What causes narcissism?

Research suggests a strong genetic component, though the specific genes remain unknown. Environmental factors also play a role. Overly indulgent parents can foster grandiose narcissism, while cold and controlling parenting may lead to vulnerable narcissism.

Cultural influences matter as well. Societies that emphasize individuality and self-promotion, like the United States, tend to have higher rates of narcissism. For example, narcissistic traits have risen in the U.S. since the 1970s, coinciding with the decline of communal values and the rise of the self-esteem movement and materialism. Social media has further amplified opportunities for self-promotion, though there’s no conclusive evidence it causes narcissism—it simply gives narcissists a platform to seek status and attention.

Can narcissists change?

Yes, there is hope for improvement. Therapy and practices like compassion and self-reflection can help narcissists develop greater self-awareness and empathy. However, sustained effort can be challenging, particularly for those with NPD. For them, honest self-reflection often feels uncomfortable and unflattering.

Understanding narcissism, its origins, and its effects can help us navigate its presence in ourselves and others, fostering healthier relationships and communities.